Fisioterapia pré-operatória na prevenção das complicações pulmonares em cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica / Preoperative physiotherapy in prevention of pulmonary complications in pediatric cardiac surgery

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência e o risco de complicações pulmonares em crianças submetidas a intervenção fisioterapêutica pré e pós-operatória nas cirurgias cardíacas, bem como comparar com aquelas submetidas apenas a intervenção fisioterapêutica pós-operatória. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico aleatório, que incluiu 135 pacientes de zero a 6 anos com cardiopatias congênitas, submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Os pacientes foram aleatorizados para grupo intervenção (G1), que realizou fisioterapia pré e pós-operatória, ou para grupo controle (G2), somente fisioterapia pós-operatória. Para comparar as variáveis entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney e o Qui quadrado. Foi calculado o risco absoluto e sua magnitude por meio do número necessário para tratar. A significância estatística foi estipulada em 5% (P<0,05). RESULTADOS: No G1, 17 (25%) pacientes tiveram complicação pulmonar e, no G2, foram 29 (43,3%) (p=0,025). A complicação mais freqüente foi pneumonia e, dos 17 pacientes do G1 que complicaram, sete (10,3%) desenvolveram pneumonia, seis (8,8%) atelectasia e quatro (5,9%) associação das duas. No G2, 13 (19,4%) pacientes tiveram pneumonia, oito (11,9%), atelectasia, e oito (11,9%), pneumonia associada à atelectasia. A redução do risco absoluto para o desfecho primário foi de 18,3% e o número necessário para tratar foi calculado em 5,5. CONCLUSÃO: A fisioterapia respiratória pré-operatória reduziu significativamente o risco de desenvolvimento de complicações pulmonares no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence and risk of pulmonary complications in children who underwent pre-and postoperative physiotherapeutic intervention in cardiac surgeries, as well as to compare these patients to those who underwent only postoperative physiotherapeutic intervention. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was performed with 135 patients from 6 years of age and younger with congenital heart disease who had undergone cardiac surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group (G1) in which they underwent pre- and postoperative physiotherapy or to the control group (G2) in which they underwent only postoperative physiotherapy. Mann-Whitney and the Chi-square tests were used to compare the variables between the groups. The magnitude of the absolute risk was calculated by the number of patients needed to treat. Statistical significance was set at 5% (P<0.05). RESULTS: 17 patients (25%) in G1, and 29 patients (43.3%) in G2 presented pulmonary complications (P= 0.025), pneumonia was the most frequent complication, and among the 17 patients in G1, seven (10.3%) developed pneumonia, six (8.8%) developed atelectasis, and four (5.9%) presented complications due to both complications. In G2, 13 patients (19.4%) developed pneumonia, eight (11.9%) developed atelectasis, and eight (11.9%) developed pneumonia associated with atelectasis. Absolute risk reduction for the primary outcome was of 18.3% and the number of needed to treat was 5.5. CONCLUSION: Preoperative respiratory physiotherapy significantly reduced the risk of pulmonary complications in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery.

Aspectos epidemiológicos das cardiopatias congênitas em Londrina, Paraná / Epidemiological characteristics of congenital heart diseases in Londrina, Paraná South Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and other epidemiological characteristics of congenital heart diseases. METHODS: A retrospective population based study of children who were born in Londrina, from January '89 to December '98 (80,262 live births). Diagnoses were confirmed through autopsy, surgery, catheterization, or echocardiography. RESULTS: A total of 441 patients was as certained what corresponds to a prevalence of 5.494:1,000 live births. Ventricular septal defect was the commonest lesion. A small number of transpositions of the great vessels and of left ventricular hypoplasia was observed. A high propation of ventricular septal defect (28.3 per cent) and atrioventricular septal defects (8.1 per cent) occurred. Fifty-one (11.35 per cent) affected children had syndromic diseases and 52 (12.01 per cent) children had nonsyndromic anomalies. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of congenital heart diseases in Londrina is in accordance with that of other regions of the globe. This prevalence also may reflect the reality in the southern region of Brazil, because population characteristics are very similar in the 3 southernmost Brazilian states.

Pericardite constritiva em lactente / Constrictive pericarditis in a 19-month-old child

We report a case of chronic nonspecific constrictive pericarditis with myocardial involvement in a 19-month-old infant. The patient underwent total pericardiectomy and had irreversible hemodynamic instability. Constrictive pericarditis is rare in childhood. It may follow several processes, most frequently an infectious disease. The natural course of the disease consists of progressive myocardial dysfunction with atrioventricular valvular involvement. When diagnosis is established early in the course of the disease and treatment started immediately, the evolution is favorable in most instances.

Arritmia cardiaca com uso de oxamniquine oral no tratamento de esquistossomose mansonica / Cardiac arrhytmia with oral oxamniquine in the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni

Os autores relatam caso clinico de paciente com esquistossomose mansonica, tratado com oxamniquine oral em dose unica de 15mg/Kg, que apresenta como efeito colateral um bloqueio atrio-ventricular incompleto tipo Mobitz I, com parada sinusal e escape ventricular. Concluem que, apesar de a oxamniquine ser eficaz e segura, pode ser determinante de cardiotoxicidade.